FILE: 	Replication instructions for Deeper Roots: Historical Causal Inference and the Political Legacy of Slavery.
DATE: 	January 1, 2023. 

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File outlines the steps to reproduce Tables and Figures in:

Bateman, David, and Eric Schickler. 2023. Deeper Roots: Historical Causal Inference and the Political Legacy of Slavery. 
Journal of Historical Political Economy.

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If you have any questions, please contact David Bateman at dab465@cornell.edu.

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All data analyses in this article were carried out using either 
Stata IC/13.1 for Windows or R version 4.2.2 
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Full list of data files and hierarchical structure uploaded to Dataverse:
Deeper Roots
 Dataverse
  Files
   Alabama-Candidate-Party.csv: vote data for Alabama southern rights election of 1851
   Cotton-Suitability-1830.csv: cotton suitability, interpolated from 2000 counties into 1830 counties
   County-Votes-Black-Rights.csv: county level data on legislator/delegate voting on rights of free persons of color
   Georgia-1850.csv: vote data for Georgia's 1850 southern rights convention
   Mississippi-1851.csv: vote data for Mississippi's 1851 southern rights convention
   MS-1831-Roll-Calls.dta: roll call data by Mississippi state legislators on Black explusion
   NC-TN-1834-1835-Roll-Calls.dta: roll call data by NC and TN state legislators on abolition and Black voting rights
   secession-votes-1860-1861.csv: vote data for secession in 1861
   South-Carolina-1851-Convention.csv: vote data for South Carolina's 1851 southern rights movement
   Tennessee-Nashville-Convention-Delegates.csv: Tennessee county origins of delegates to southern rights convention in Nashville
   Virginia-1831-1832-Roll-Calls.dta: roll call data by VA legislators on Black rights and abolition
   Virginia-TN-Abolition.csv: county level data on legislator/delegate voting on abolition
** The ABS-Files are from Acharya, Blackwell, and Sen (2016) replication files for Political Legacy of American Slavery. https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/CAEEG7
** Included here for ease of replication. Those with "-ext-1830" have been modified to include county data from 1830.
  ABS-Files
   abs-jop-cces-ind-ext-1830.csv: "individual-level CCES data with county variables merged"
   abs-jop-cces-white-countydata-ext-1830.csv: "county-level data with aggregated white CCES responses merged"
   abs-jop-countydata-ext-1830.csv: "county-level data with no CCES or NES data merged"
   abs-jop-nes-ind.csv: "individual-level NES data with county variables merged"
   abs-jop-nes-white-countydata-ext-1830.csv: "county-level data with aggregated white NES responses merged"
   census2000-cotton.csv: a reduced dataset with county level cotton suitability from 2000.
   panel-utils.R: R script for panel data
** Census files are from Haines/ICPSR (see MANIFEST.txt). Included for ease of replication
  Census
   agcensus1840.dta: agricultural census from 1840
   census1830.dta: census of 1830
   census1840.dta: census of 1840
   census1850.dta: census of 1850
   census1860.dta: census of 1860
   census1900.dta: census of 1900
** ICPSR Election files are from ICPSR (see MANIFEST.txt). Included for ease of replication
  ICPSR_00001
   DS0113
    Stata00001-0113.dta: Election Returns for Alabama, 1824-1874
   DS0126
    Stata00001-0126.dta: Election Returns for Georgia, 1824-1860
   DS0134
    Stata00001-0134.dta: Election Returns for Mississippi, 1824-1896
   DS0150
    Stata00001-0150.dta: Election Returns for Kentucky, 1824-1875

Full list of command files:
  Analyses
   deeper-roots-ABS-replication.R: code based on replication files for ABS (2016). Replicates some findings with different specifications.
   Free-Black-Rights.do: replicates tables and figures analyzing legislator/delegate voting on free Black rights and abolition.
   Interpolation-Cotton.R: code based on replication files for ABS (2016). Interpolates cotton from 2000 counties to 1830 counties. Shapefiles from the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries and Jeremy Atack's Historical Transportation Shapefiles required (see MANIFEST.txt).
   Map-Racial-Liberalism.R: replicates maps of support for Black rights and abolition in online appendix. Shapefiles from the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries and Jeremy Atack's Historical Transportation Shapefiles required (see MANIFEST.txt).
   Maps-Slavery-African-Americans.R: replicates maps showing distribution of slavery and Black residency across different decades. Shapefiles from the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries and Jeremy Atack's Historical Transportation Shapefiles required (see MANIFEST.txt).figures
   Secession-Votes-1860-1861.do: replicates figure showing relation of slavery to support for secession in 1861.
   Set-Up-Data-Maps.do: sets up the files Virginia-TN-Abolition.csv and County-Votes-Black-Rights.csv used in Map-Racial-Liberalism.R
   Southern-Rights-Crisis.do: replicates tables and figures analyzing Southern Rights elections of 1850-51.

** Variables used across multiple files:
fips: 2-digit state FIPS code + 3-digit county FIPS code
icpsrstate: ICPSR state code
state: ICSPR state code
name: county name	
county: county FIPS code
year: the year of a roll call or census	
delegate: name of delegate
legislator: name of the legislator
perEnslaved: Proportion of a county population that was held in slavery in a particular year. See also spropYEAR
perFBlack: Proportion of county that were free persons of color in given year	
perBlack: Total Black proportion of county in given year
totpopYEAR: total county population in YEAR
stotYEAR: county enslaved population in YEAR
fctotYEAR: county free persons of color in YEAR	
spropYEAR: county propertion enslaved in YEAR	
fbpropYEAR: foreign born proportion in YEAR	
totagoutYEAR:	total agricultural output in YEAR
fvalpcYEAR: farm value per capita, in YEAR
** Alabama-Candidate-Party.csv
cd: congressional district
WhigCandidate51: was the congressional candidate in 1851 a former Whig?
union51_corrected: the number of votes cast for the Union candidate, corrected by local newspapers
SR51_corrected: the number of votes cast for the Southern Rights candidate, corrected by local newspapers	
total51_corrected: the total vote 
Note: identifies local news source or other comment.
** Cotton-Suitability-1830.csv
STATE_TERR: name of state or territory	
coarea1830.km2: the county area in sq kms	
cottonsuit: county level cotton suitability, taken from counties in 2000 and interpolated to counties in 1830
** County-Votes-Black-Rights.csv and Virginia-TN-Abolition.csv
new: county level proportion of delegate/legislator roll calls cast for pro-rights or pro-abolition position
** Georgia-1850, Mississippi-1851, South-Carolina-1851-Convention
SR_N: votes cast for Nth Southern Rights candidate
Coop_N: votes cast for Nth Cooperationist candidate
scattering: scattered votes for remaining candidates	
delegates: number of delegates county entitled to elect	
note: information on local news sources
SR_total: Southern Rights total votes	
Coop_total: Cooperationist total votes	
total: total votes cast for party	
max_voters: maximun number of votes, assuming each vote has as many votes as delegates entitled to election
Union: total votes cast for Unionist candidate
SouthernRights: total votes cast for Southern Rights candidate
County: (In South-Carolina-1851-Convention) name of county or sub-county voting district
cN-coop: vote share for Nth cooperationist candidate
cN-sec: vote share for Nth secessionist candidate
** MS-1831-Roll-Calls.dta
vote1: vote to require jailors to let other states know identify of free persons of color in jail.
vote2: reject the Black expulsion bill
vote3: Strike out 'over 20,' which would have required all free persons under fifty to immediately leave the state.
vote4: Postpone the expulsion bill
vote5: Pass the expulsion bill
** NC-TN-1834-1835-Roll-Calls
state_id: a legacy identifier, 1 for Tennessee and 2 for North Carolina
party: name of party
partyCode: ICPSR party codes
county: this is the county-level district of delegates. Sometimes multicounties
bsuff: delegate voted to support Black disenfranchisement
AntiAbolition: delegate voted to prohibit abolition (TN only)
black_voting_house: delegate voted to allow Black voting in the House of Commons (NC only - reverse of bsuff)
black_exclusion: delegate voted to exclude all persons of color from voting (NC only)
property_black_voting: delegate voted to allow property owning Black men to vote (NC only)
property_black_voting2: delegate voted to allow property owning Black men to vote, higher level (NC only)
finalpassage: delegate voted to pass full suffrage provision (which included other changes beyond Black suffrage)
** Virginia-1831-1832-Roll-Calls.dta
district: state district (usually counties, some boroughs)
session: which legislative session (year) was the vote
rc1831a: Pass a bill restricting rights of free persons of color
rc1831b: Pass an amended (liberalized) bill restricting rights
rc1832a: Declare it expedient to begin considering abolition of slavery in Virginia
rc1832b: Amend a Black expulsion bill to allow removal only if consensual
rc1832c: Pass amended removal bill
rc1832d: Pass a police bill further restricting rights of free persons of color
** secession-votes-1860-1861.csv
secession1: secession vote total
union1: union vote total
coalition: vote total if coalition nominated to convention	
perSecession: proportion of votes cast for secession/secessionist candidates
tot_votes_pre_1860: how many votes cast in 1860 presidential election	
total-voters-1861: how many voters (max) in 1861 secession convention election
** Tennessee-Nashville-Convention-Delegates.csv
full_name: delegate's full name
last_name: delegate's last name
county: for this file county refers to the name of the county
Elected: dummy indicator for whether a county elected delegates to convention
listing_ID: legacy identifier or delegate
distance: distance from Nashville

** For variables used in ABS-Files see: 
Acharya, Avidit; Blackwell, Matthew; Sen, Maya, 2016, "Replication Data for: The Political Legacy of American Slavery", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CAEEG7, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:ZKw2EJymJa5N2yuM3bxjog== [fileUNF]

